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Bone health

Osteopenia physiotherapy

Osteopenia means your bone density is lower than normal but not in the osteoporosis range. Strength, impact and balance exercise helps look after your bones and reduce falls.

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Understanding the condition

Osteopenia describes low bone density on a scan, in the range between normal and osteoporosis.1 For people over 50 and women after menopause, it is a T-score between -1.0 and -2.5.2 It is a description of a scan result rather than a diagnosis of osteoporosis.4 It still matters, because half of all fractures in people over 50 occur in people with osteopenia.1 A low-trauma hip or spinal fracture after 50 is treated as clinical osteoporosis whatever the scan shows, and other low-trauma fractures count too if the T-score is below -1.5.2

Without a past fracture, doctors usually monitor bone density and encourage calcium, vitamin D and exercise rather than automatically prescribing medicines.1 Healthy Bones Australia recommends a specific mix of weight-bearing, resistance and balance exercise.1 Guidelines suggest resistance training at least twice a week, impact exercise on most days, and challenging balance work.3 Physiotherapy sets this up safely at your level.5 Your doctor decides if medicines are needed, and exercise does not replace them.

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Osteopenia physiotherapy

What to look out for, and how we help

Symptoms are a guide, not a diagnosis. Your GP confirms the diagnosis; our team helps you manage it day to day.

What you might notice

  • Usually no symptoms; osteopenia is found on a bone density scan
  • Being over 50, or after menopause, which raises the chance of bone loss
  • A family history of fractures or osteoporosis
  • Long-term use of certain medicines, such as steroids, or some cancer treatments
  • Low activity levels or poor balance, which add to fracture risk through falls
  • Urgent review: see a doctor promptly if you break a bone from a minor fall or bump or have lost 3 cm or more in height, as a bone broken in a minor incident needs serious attention.

How our team helps

  • Assessment of your strength, posture, balance and falls risk, using your bone density results as a guide
  • Individual exercise programs combining resistance, weight-bearing or impact and balance training
  • Group exercise classes to keep you strong and steady with others
  • Hands-on therapy for any muscle or joint pain that stops you exercising
  • Reports for your GP so your care team can track progress between scans
  • Coordination with dietitians, exercise physiologists and pharmacists about calcium, vitamin D and medicines

Your PDC care team

The teams and services that most often support people with this condition. They work from one shared plan, and one GP referral reaches all of them.

Allied health teams

Physiotherapy
Physiotherapy
Allied health team
Physiotherapy
Musculoskeletal treatment and rehabilitation to help you move better and manage pain.
Read more

Exercise Physiology
Exercise Physiology
Allied health team
Exercise Physiology
Safe, effective exercise programs designed by Accredited Exercise Physiologists for chronic condition management.
Read more

Related services

Related conditions

Terms explained

Plain English explanations for this condition are being added.
See all conditions

Sources and clinical review

Our care follows the 2024 RACGP and Healthy Bones Australia osteoporosis guideline, the Healthy Bones Australia exercise prescription for physiotherapists, and current Australian physiotherapy guidance.

  1. Healthy Bones Australia. Osteopenia and bone health fact sheet [Internet]. Healthy Bones Australia; 2023 [cited 2026 Oct 4].
  2. Healthy Bones Australia. Bone density testing in general practice [Internet]. Healthy Bones Australia; 2022 [cited 2026 Oct 4].
  3. Wong P, Chen W, Ewald D, et al. 2024 Royal Australian College of General Practitioners and Healthy Bones Australia guideline for osteoporosis management and fracture prevention in postmenopausal women and men over 50 years of age. Med J Aust. 2025;222(9). doi:10.5694/mja2.52637.
  4. Healthdirect Australia. Osteopenia [Internet]. Healthdirect Australia; 2024 [cited 2026 Oct 4].
  5. Healthy Bones Australia. Exercise prescription to support the management of osteoporosis: for physiotherapists and exercise physiologists [Internet]. Healthy Bones Australia; 2024 [cited 2026 Oct 4].
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Common questions

What is osteopenia and is it serious?
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Osteopenia means your bone density is lower than normal but not yet in the osteoporosis range. It is not a disease in itself, but it raises fracture risk, so it is worth looking after your bones with exercise and good nutrition, as your doctor advises.

What exercise is best for osteopenia?
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A mix works best: weight-bearing and impact exercise such as brisk walking or low jumps, progressive strength training with weights, and balance training. The right level depends on your scan, fitness and any past fractures, so we tailor your program individually.

Do I need medication for osteopenia?
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Not always. Without a past fracture, doctors usually monitor bone density and encourage calcium, vitamin D and exercise, and use a fracture risk assessment to decide about medicines. Exercise does not replace medicines if your doctor recommends them. Ask your GP.

Do I need a referral for osteopenia physio in Perth?
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No referral is needed for private appointments. With a GP Chronic Condition Management Plan, Medicare rebates apply to up to five eligible allied health services a calendar year. Private health extras and DVA may also contribute, depending on your cover or eligibility.

Can exercise improve osteopenia?
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The right types and intensities of exercise can help maintain or improve bone strength, and balance training helps prevent falls. We cannot promise a change on your next scan, as results vary with age, medicines, nutrition and your starting point.

Not sure where to start?

Tell us what is going on and we will point you to the right discipline, or to more than one. Most people start with a single appointment and leave with a plan the rest of the team can see.

Or go straight to a service

Phone (08) 6110 0570 · Medicare, NDIS, DVA and private options across our services

For GPs and health professionals

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