Basal insulin is the background insulin your body needs around the clock, between meals and overnight, whether or not you eat.
In people without diabetes, the pancreas releases a small, continuous amount of insulin all day and night. Basal insulin replaces that. On injections it is usually a long-acting insulin taken once a day, or sometimes twice. An insulin pump gives basal insulin as a slow, continuous flow of rapid-acting insulin, and the rate can be set differently for different times of day.
The basal dose is set so that glucose stays fairly steady overnight and between meals. Getting it right first makes meal-time doses more predictable. Basal insulin on its own is a common way to start insulin in type 2 diabetes.
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